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On Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Bangladesh (Goal 17)

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June 14, 2019 - 08:26 pm. Hits: 13354

On Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Bangladesh (Goal 17)

 

Md. Amzad Hossain,  Perth, Western Australia

Email: A.Hossain@curtin.edu.au

 

Prelude

Sustainable development goal (SDG) 17 stands to “Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development”. SDG 17 is the last of all the 17 SDGs. The implementation approaches of this SDG are somewhat inconsistent with other 16 SDGs. While in most other 16 SDGs the UN encourages the global community, especially the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) to achieve SDGs by their own accord, the UN urges the Western developed communities in SDG 17 to “Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development” in order to achieve SDGs of the LDC’s.  

It is to be noted here that the current development activities in Bangladesh is largely inconsistent with the precepts and practices of ‘sustainable development’. The apparent inconsistencies, perhaps, also prevail in many other LDCs. As the blueprints of sustainable development varies from one country to another, so it is LDCs’ task to chalk out their respective mode of implementation, by way of foreign partnership if required.

We intend to figure out partnership pathways in light of feasibility, practicality and sustainability in terms of the UN prescriptions to:

  1.  “Strengthen the means of implementation” of ‘sustainable development’ in the LDCs; and
  2. “revitalize” the prevailing operations in view of  “the global partnership” for “sustainable development” in the LDCs. 

We understand that, whereas the assumedly developed countries have ratified for achieving SDGs in their own countries, even so, SDG 17 clearly indicates that developed countries are sustainably developed, and so they can implement sustainable development in the LDCs. This approach of the UN appears to correspond to a paradox that is revealed in Lalon Fakir’s song:[i]

Interpretation:

I see this world as the market place of blind people.

One blind person calls the other blind saying

"let us go across the world".

He himself does not know the path,

Yet, calls others to follow him time and again.

Thus, this discourse seeks to spell out the connotations of “ Strengthen the means of implementation” and  ‘revitalization of global partnership’ in terms of research questions with remarks.

 

What does SDG 17 aim at?

            SDG 17 aims at achieving SDGs through international partnership. Ideologically it is a wise approach at creating a better world through teamwork, partnerships, and collaboration to build a better world within the next few decades.[ii] 


What wisdom quotes reveal about good Partnership?

Great partnerships thrive because the people need each other - Courtney A. Kemp.[iii]

Alliances and partnerships produce stability when they reflect realities and interests.[iv]

 

What terms of reference constitute the means of implementation of the developed countries for sustainable development?

The following target areas of SDG 17 may be treated as the apparent means of implementation in this regard:  

 

Finance

17.1 strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through international support to developing countries to improve domestic capacity for tax and other revenue collection

17.2 developed countries to implement fully their ODA commitments, including to provide 0.7% of GNI in ODA to developing countries of which 0.15-0.20% to least-developed countries

17.3 mobilize additional financial resources for developing countries from multiple sources

17.4 assist developing countries in attaining long-term debt sustainability through coordinated policies aimed at fostering debt financing, debt relief and debt restructuring, as appropriate, and address the external debt of highly indebted poor countries (HIPC) to reduce debt distress

17.5 adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for LDCs

 

Technology

17.6 enhance North-South, South-South and triangular regional and international cooperation on and access to science, technology and innovation, and enhance knowledge sharing on mutually agreed terms, including through improved coordination among existing mechanisms, particularly at UN level, and through a global technology facilitation mechanism when agreed

17.7 promote development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries on favorable terms, including on concessional and preferential terms, as mutually agreed

17.8 fully operationalize the Technology Bank and STI (Science, Technology and Innovation) capacity building mechanism for LDCs by 2017, and enhance the use of enabling technologies in particular ICT

 

Capacity building

17.9 enhance international support for implementing effective and targeted capacity building in developing countries to support national plans to implement all sustainable development goals, including through North-South, South-South, and triangular cooperation

 

Trade

17.10 promote a universal, rules-based, open, non-discriminatory and equitable multilateral trading system under the WTO including through the conclusion of negotiations within its Doha Development Agenda

17.11 increase significantly the exports of developing countries, in particular with a view to doubling the LDC share of global exports by 2020

17.12 realize timely implementation of duty-free, quota-free market access on a lasting basis for all least developed countries consistent with WTO decisions, including through ensuring that preferential rules of origin applicable to imports from LDCs are transparent and simple, and contribute to facilitating market access

 

Systemic issues

Policy and institutional coherence

17.13 enhance global macroeconomic stability including through policy coordination and policy coherence

17.14 enhance policy coherence for sustainable development

17.15 respect each country’s policy space and leadership to establish and implement policies for poverty eradication and sustainable development

 

Multi-stakeholder partnerships

17.16 enhance the global partnership for sustainable development complemented by multi-stakeholder partnerships that mobilize and share knowledge, expertise, technologies and financial resources to support the achievement of sustainable development goals in all countries, particularly developing countries

17.17 encourage and promote effective public, public-private, and civil society partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships

Data, monitoring and accountability

 

17.18 by 2020, enhance capacity building support to developing countries, including for LDCs and SIDS, to increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic location and other characteristics relevant in national contexts

17.19 by 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop measurements of progress on sustainable development that complement GDP, and support statistical capacity building in developing countries

 

What are the worrying issues about foreign partnerships as indicated in the target areas under “Finance” (i.e.17.1 – 17.5)?

The target areas under “Finance” seems to be an unsustainable pathway to sustainable development. The world view on this issue is highly discouraging. Kanhaya (1999:223) finds that “The issue of foreign aid has always been a highly controversial subject… Unfortunately, the growth experience with foreign aid has not always been very satisfactory. The apparent failure to bring about significant prosperity led to a series of debates among economists and policy makers in both developed and developing countries on its effectiveness for promoting economic development”. It was also found that “Foreign capital exerts significant negative effects on the recipient countries because it substitutes (rather than complements) domestic resources, helps import inappropriate technology, distorts domestic income distribution, and is biased toward a bigger, inefficient, and corrupt government in those countries” (ibid. :224).  Another example is the neo-poverty generated through foreign aid which forces rural people to take loans they cannot repay (Hossain 2001).

Anup Shah (2014) reveals that (a) Aid is primarily to serve the strategic and economic interests of the donor countries; (b) Aid is often designed to primarily benefit powerful domestic groups; (c) The interests of donors instead of the needs of recipients’ make development assistance inefficient; (d) Too little aid reaches counties that most desperately needs it; and (e) All too often, aid is wasted on overpriced goods and services from donor countries.

 

What about “Technology” (i.e. Target area 17.6 – 17.8)

In SDG 17.7, the UN urges to the developed countries to “promote development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries on favorable terms, including on concessional and preferential terms, as mutually agreed”.

Currently, technology serves human interest by eroding the capacity of nature’s sustainability. Ehrenfeld (2008) observes that, “The pervasiveness of technology as the primary means of obtaining human satisfaction has a perverse effect on humanity. Great philosophers, psychologists, sociologists, and many other have argued that the essence of humanity is slowly becoming lost, as we turn over more and more of our modes of satisfaction to technology.” As technology is the instrumental means of empowering our actions to produce satisfaction, innovation must continue so holistic sustainability prevails.

Out of the three target areas under this section, it appears that SDG 17.7 can be implemented in Bangladesh free from the foreign aid related criticisms as stated in the previous section. The most sustainable pathway to implement SDG 17.7 is to empower the LDCs to promote innovation and development of appropriate technologies by the LDC’s own accord. Imported technologies from developed countries most often are inappropriate. EI Guindi (1999) finds that technological solutions are continually incapable of controlling the situation, and  technical fixes ultimately fail. They are expensive as well. 

 

Capacity building (17.9)

The UN mission expressed in this target area is desirable, for it is comprehensively achievable in Bangladesh by supporting implementation of the Target area 4.7.[v] But, how to guide the donors to implement this target devoid of aid exploitation? It is simple, should the UN understand and follow what Albert Einstein says: “I never teach my pupils. I only attempt to provide the conditions in which they can learn”.[vi]

 

Trade (17.10 – 17.12)

‘Trade not aid’ or ‘aid for trade’ is currently part of aid policy of developed nations. There are numerous forms of trade in the name of aid such as food aid, humanitarian emergency assistance, military assistance, etc. This foreign aid or development assistance is often too much and wasted on corrupt recipient governments despite any good intentions from donor countries; and more often both the quantity and quality of aid have been poor and donor nations have not been held to account (Anup Shah, 2014).

 

Policy and institutional coherence (17.13 – 17.15)

            All the 3 target areas regarding policy and institutional coherence are workable in Bangladesh. We discoursed about institutional coherence in our previous posting on “On Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Bangladesh (Goal 16)” http://newsfrombangladesh.net/photo-story/35. Regarding policy consistency between the LDCs and the donor countries, the UN can address the prescriptive mindset of the developed countries to be consistent with the values-driven mindset of the LDCs in order to work-together within sustainable partnership framework.   

 

Data, monitoring and accountability (17.18 – 17.19)

For Bangladesh this target can only be achieved after good governance is established. (Hossain, A., Marinova, D. 2015). Mal-governance, including corruption, in Bangladesh is gradually pushing the country towards intellectual bankruptcy, making it vulnerable and exposed to severe environmental, social and economic setbacks such as food insecurity.[vii] The people of Bangladesh usually emotionally trust and support political parties and their representatives. This allows many politicians to become corrupt; especially when they receive accountability-free foreign aid for relief work, infrastructure development and import of goods and services from the donor counties.[viii]

 

 

Multi-stakeholder partnerships (17.16 – 17.17)

The target areas emphasize that different sectors and actors are required to work together with financial resources, knowledge and expertise from the developed countries. We discuss some aspects of partnerships elsewhere in the following sections.

 

What should be Bangladesh’s approaches to addressing the target areas under SDG 17?

            The Bangladesh government needs to constitute integrated, synergistic and holistic approaches that are conducive towards underpinning the visionary blueprints of sustainable development of Bangladesh.

 

What are the visionary blueprints for sustainable development of Bangladesh?

Self-reliant Sonar Bangla comprising of sociocultural coherence; sustainable livability with the concept of Amar Graam Amar Shohor (my village my town i.e. rural development with urban face (R’urbanization); and Amar Shohor Amar graam (urban   development with rural face). See our discourses on SDG 9, 10, 11.[ix]

 

Can the developed countries help Bangladesh to achieve the above visionary blueprints through partnership?

Highly unlikely. Local knowledge, cultural and environmental experience are Pre-requisite to comprehend Bangladesh’s visionary blueprints which is unachievable for  outsiders.

 

What sort of partnership does the UN prescribe?

            Clearly, the partnerships between the developed and developing countries, where developed countries are asked to “Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development”.  

 

Can partnerships between the rich and the poor work?

            Usually not. When the rich think about the poor, they have poor ideas.[x] On the other hand, rich people in poor places want to flaunt their wealth. And their less affluent counterparts feel pressured to counterfeit, at least in public. Nobody wants the stigma of being thought as poor.[xi] But it can work if it is “A spiritual partnership … between equals for the purpose of spiritual growth. Spiritual partners use their delightful experiences together as well as their power struggles to learn about themselves and change themselves”.[xii]
 

What is the experience of Bangladesh?

            A large fraction of Bangladesh’s annual budget is aid dependent and its foreign debt is continually increasing (Khan 2014). It has long been known in Bangladesh that foreign aid capital exerts significant negative effects on the recipient countries because it substitutes (rather than complements) domestic resources, helps import inappropriate technology, distorts domestic income distribution, and is biased toward a larger, inefficient and corrupt government in those countries.[xiii]

 

What have been the consequences to Bangladesh?

Each year the Bangladesh government accepts foreign aid to initiate projects, such as (re)excavation of water bodies but the allocated funds are stolen by politicians, bureaucrats, technocrats and implementing contractors. In this way, corruption has been widespread throughout the 1970s, 1980s[xiv] and 1990s[xv] continuing in the 2000s. In fact, in 2004 Bangladesh was the “champion” in the field of corruption according to Transparency International’s corruption perception index which ranks countries around the world according to the perceived level of public-sector corruption.[xvi] In 2014 Bangladesh improved its comparative ranking to 145th out of 175 countries but still remains in the bottom part of the list of countries where corruption is perceived to be greatest.[xvii] According to Hasan,[xviii] corruption has become “all-pervasive”, extending from petty corruption to project corruption and food scandals. Faruqi stated: “most of the staff at the big ten water companies are anything but honest.”[xix]

 

Why the UN prescribes the developing countries to take part in achieving SDGs in the LDCs?

            Innately Unknown. Outwardly: the UN appears to believe in the wisdom such asWe need to develop and disseminate an entirely new paradigm and practice of collaboration that supersedes the traditional silos that have divided governments, philanthropies and private enterprises for decades and replace it with networks of partnerships working together to create a globally prosperous society.” And “A sustainable world means working together to create prosperity for all”.[xx]

 

How does SDG 17 can play a win win role?

Should the partnership be established in accordance with the wisdom of partnership? The best partnerships aren't dependent on a mere common goal but on a shared path of equality, desire, and no small amount of passion. Sarah MacLean[xxi] Alliances and partnerships produce stability when they reflect realities and interests. Stephen Kinzer[xxii]
 

What is a Partnership?

                     A partnership is a strategic alliance or relationship between two or more people.  Successful partnerships are often based on trust, equality and mutual understanding and obligations.  Partnerships can be formal, where each party's roles and obligations are spelled out in a written agreement, or informal, where the roles and obligations are assumed or agreed to verbally.[xxiii] The best partnerships aren't dependent on a mere common goal but on a shared path of equality, desire, and no small amount of passion.[xxiv]

 

 

Why do we need Partnership?

Partnerships can provide multiple benefits. Partnerships can make a significant contribution to institutional internationalization objectives, but only if those objectives are articulated and understood within the institution and shared with the partners. At an institutional level, partnerships provide opportunities for learning from each other, sharing knowledge and experience and benchmarking, but many institutions simply see partnerships in a narrower and constrained way. Wisdom has it that: Creating a better world requires teamwork, partnerships and collaboration, as we need an entire army of companies to work together to build a better world within the next few decades. This means, corporations must embrace the benefits of cooperating with one another” - Simon Mainwaring.[xxv]
 

Are all Partnerships sustainable?

Never. “Practical considerations for international partnerships”[xxvi] find that having a large number of partnerships around the world will not necessarily guarantee for achieving SDGs, but it can play an important role in achieving some of the target areas.

 

Is International Partnership required for achieving SDGs?

            The SDGs have 17 goals concerning sustainable social, economic and environmental development. As Bangladesh’s national goal is to restore its historical self-reliance and sonar Bangla, it is more sustainable to avoid partnerships with outsiders in order to avoid counterproductive outcomes as experienced globally. On the other hand, partnership with Afro-Asian countries is likely to achieve positive outcomes as the product of socioeconomic and cultural synergies.

 

Why industrially developed countries cannot be our development partners?

            Because, the industrially developed countries are themselves mischief makers, as Maurice Strong reveals: “We in the industrialized world make a greater difference because our ecological footprint, our impact on the condition of the environment, is 40 to 50 times larger than that of people in the developing world”.[xxvii]
 

Why does the mischief/disruption happen in International Partnership?

            It is natural that the greedy and stronger people exploit the weak masses and their natural environment to have more and more. Enough is never enough for the greedy and stronger who are inherently mischief-maker on earth; and due their transgression the earth is becoming revengeful (Dietz and O’Neil, 2011). The Quran also reveals: “Mischief has appeared on the land and sea, because of (the need) that the hands of man have earned, that (Allah) may give them a taste of some of their deeds: in order that they may turn back (from evil)” (Quran 30:41). All this teaches people to ponder on the sustainable use of nature’s finite renewable resources. Transgression beyond the ecological carrying or regenerative capacity of the physical environment is unforgiving and revengeful through the nature’s renewing mechanisms so people can retreat (Hossain and Marinova, 2011).

 

How to address the current problems?

            With spiritual and moral approaches including education for sustainable development (UNESCO, 2002 and 2005).

 

Concluding Remarks

            As the assumedly developed countries have adopted the SDGs to achieve them for their respective countries, it clearly suggests that the developed countries also lack the means of implementing sustainable development. Under this reality, how the developed countries can strengthen the non-existing means of implementing sustainable development in the LDCS. Secondly, even the developed countries are sustainably developed, still the UN notions are highly unrealistic. The socio-cultural and geo-environmental perspectives of the blueprint of sustainable development of the developed countries are highly incompatible for the LDCs. 

            However, with regards to international partnership identifying the right partners is a critical success factor. It is also important to ensure that the partners from the developed countries have the right mindset for sustainable development. In many cases, as Nelson Mandela reveals: “… the rich and powerful now have new means to further enrich and empower themselves at the cost of the poorer and weaker …”.[xxviii] Paul Craig Roberts also opines that “Western capitalism is a looting mechanism. It loots labor. It loots the environment, and with the transpacific and transatlantic 'partnerships,' it will loot the sovereign law of countries.”[xxix]

Despite of some negative views on partnership between the donor countries and the LDCs, establishing careful partnership agreements can provide opportunities for achieving some target areas. Especially the target area 4.7. This could underpin 

Natrass and Altomarel’s (1999) findings revealing that the rural people of Bangladesh have the capacity and ability to create a remarkably different economy vis-à-vis holistic sustainability, once a policy is formulated to revitalize their spirituality and skill through SDG 4.7 to unite ecology and economic activities into one sustainable act of production and distribution. An appropriate sustainability policy is also urgently required to overcome aid dependence.

(To be continued)

 

References

Dietz, Rob and O’Neil, Dan. 2013. Enough is Enough – Building a Sustainable Economy in a World of Finite Resources. Routledge, London.

 

El Guindi, F 2003, Veil: modesty, privacy and resistance, Bloomsbury Academic, London.

 

Ehrenfeld, John R. 2008 sUSTAINABILITY BY design – A Subversive Strategy for Transforming Our Consumer Culture. Yale University Press, London.

 

Gupta, Kanhaya L. 1999 Foreign Aid: New Perspectives. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.

Hossain, A., Marinova, D. (2015) Restoring sustainable governance in Bangladesh, in Ghosh, R.N., Siddique, M.A.B. (eds) Corruption, Good Governance and Economic Development: Contemporary Analysis and Case Studies, World Scientific Publishing, Singapore, pp. 101–122

Hossain, A., Marinova, D. (2011) Climate change rhetoric in Bangladesh: a curse or a blessing?, Rajshahi University Journal of Environmental Science, 1: 1–12

 

Hossain, A 2001, ‘Renewing self-reliance for rural Bangladesh through renewable energy

technology system’, PhD thesis, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.

 

Natrass, B., & Altomare, M. (1999). The natural steps for business: Wealth, ecology and

the evolutionary corporation. Gabiola Islands, Canada: New Society Publishers.

Shah, Anup  2014 Foreign Aid for Development Assistance Global Issues

Social, Political, Economic and Environmental Issues That Affect Us All http://www.globalissues.org/article/35/foreign-aid-development-assistance

Endnotes

 

[i] A sab dekhi kanar haat bazar.

Ek kana koy ar ek kanare

Chal dekhi jai bhaba pare

Nejei kana path chine na

porke dake barongbar.

 

[ii] https://www.brainyquote.com/topics/partnerships

 

[iii] https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/courtney_a_kemp_931890?src=t_partnerships

[v] Target area 4.7.   (by 2030 ensure all learners acquire knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development, including among others through education for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship, and appreciation of cultural diversity and of culture’s contribution to sustainable development)

[vi] http://newsfrombangladesh.net/new/editorial/51598-on-achieving-the-sustainable-development-goals-sdgs-in-bangladesh-part-4

[vii] Hossain, Amzad, and Dora Marinova. 2005. “Poverty Alleviation – A Push towards Unsustainability in Bangladesh?.” Proceedings of the International Conference on Engaging Communities, Queensland Department of Main Roads. https://publications.qld.gov.au/storage/f/2014-01-30T06%3A43%3A46.456Z/hossain-amzad-final.pdf

[viii] Cassen, Robert, and Associates. 1994. Does Aid Work? Report to an Intergovernmental Task Force. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

[ix] On Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Bangladesh (Part 9) http://newsfrombangladesh.net/new/editorial/53287-on-achieving-sustainable-development-goals-sdgs-in-bangladesh-part-9  Sunday, May 06, 2018 

On Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Bangladesh (Part 10)
 http://newsfrombangladesh.net/photo-story/14     29 July 2018

On Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Bangladesh (Part 11)
 http://newsfrombangladesh.net/photo-story/15      29 July 2018

[x] https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/evita_peron_126955

[xi] https://www.brainyquote.com/authors/virginia_postrel

[xii] https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/gary_zukav_528248

[xiii] Islam, Anisul. 1999. “Foreign Assistance and Development in Bangladesh.” In Foreign Aid: New Perspectives, edited by Kanhaya Gupta, 211-232. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic, 223-224.

[xiv] De Vylder, Stefan. 1982. Agriculture in Chains. Bangladesh: A Case Study in Contradictions and Constraints. London: Zed Press.

[xv] Cassen, Robert, and Associates. 1994. Does Aid Work? Report to an Intergovernmental Task Force. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

[xvi] Transparency International. 2004. “Corruption Perceptions Index 2004.” http://www.transparency.org/research/cpi/cpi_2004/0/.

[xvii] Transparency International. 2014. “Corruption by Country/Territory: Bangladesh.” http://www.transparency.org/country#BGD).

[xviii] Hasan, Zoya, ed. 2007. Democracy in Muslim Societies: The Asian Experience. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 49.

[xix] Faruqi, Naser. 2003. “Balancing Between the Eternal yesterday and the Eternal Tomorrow: Economic Globalisation, Water and Equity.” In Rethinking Water Management: Innovative Approaches to Contemporary Issues, edited by Caroline Figuères, Johan Rockström, and Cecilia Tortajada, 41-69. London: Routledge, 52.

[xx] Read more at: https://www.brainyquote.com/topics/working_together

[xxi] https://www.brainyquote.com/topics/partnerships

[xxii] https://www.brainyquote.com/topics/partnerships

[xxiii] http://www.seasite.niu.edu/lao/undp/whatispartnership.htm

[xxiv][xxiv] https://www.brainyquote.com/topics/partnerships

[xxv] //www.brainyquote.com/topics/partnerships

[xxvi] https://www.eaie.org/blog/practical-considerations-for-international-partnerships.htm

[xxvii] https://www.brainyquote.com/topics/developing_world

 

[xxix] https://www.brainyquote.com/authors/paul_craig_roberts

 

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